Learning is a value for every student, for every school, for parents, teachers and for society as a whole. Numerous studies show that educational effects can be achieved in traditional (frontal) teaching, but the results of experimental research in most cases show that under the influence of innovations and modern strategies, methods and procedures, educational achievements are more easily achieved, which can be viewed comprehensively in the context of research outcomes related to both education and upbringing. The application of new approaches in learning leads to the development of students' creative thinking, the teaching process becomes more creative. The aim of this paper is to determine the level of achievement of students solving mathematical problems from Numerical Expressions by applying problems by levels of complexity, problem solving of problems and the traditional way of solving problems.

This study examined the effect of adding selected plant species on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Janj cheese. Twelve cheese samples were prepared in two batches, each including one control sample and five samples enriched with oregano (Origanum vulgare), basil (Ocimum basilicum), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and chives (Allium schoenoprasum). The first batch contained 0.50%, while the second batch had 1.00% concentrations of the plants. Total phenols, flavonoids, and non-flavonoid compounds were measured. Antioxidant activity was assessed through FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the agar dilution method against four bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and two Candida albicans strains. The results revealed a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in antioxidant activity in the plant-enriched cheese samples, emphasizing their potential as natural sources of antioxidants. However, none of the cheeses showed antimicrobial activity under the tested conditions. In conclusion, the incorporation of these selected plant species improves the biological and functional properties of Janj cheese, supporting its potential as a nutritionally enhanced product.

Cold pressing of flaxseed produces high-quality oil along with a nutritionally rich by-product—flaxseed cake. While the cold-pressing process is valued for its minimal processing and preservation of oil quality, it is also characterized by low resource utilization efficiency and significant by-product generation. Specifically, the production of 1 kg of flaxseed oil results in approximately 2 kg of residual cake. Given its high protein content (approximately 35–40%), flaxseed cake holds considerable potential as a source of bioactive peptides and other value-added compounds

In this study, flaxseed cake obtained from cold pressing was milled and sieved to a particle size below 0.6 mm. Its chemical composition (protein, oil, fiber) was analyzed. Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis was performed with Trypsin for 2 h. An E/S ratio was 5 %, and the temperature used for hydrolysis was 37 °C. The antioxidant capacity of the non-hydrolyzed sample and hydrolysate was determined.

Protein content was 37 %, oil was about 21 %, and fiber was approximately 28 %. The results showed a degree of hydrolysis of about 5 % and a significant increase in antioxidant activity. By determining the concentration of flaxseed powder required to inhibit 50 % of the DPPH free radicals, it was observed that this concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the non-hydrolyzed sample (11.0 mg/mL) compared to the hydrolysate (9.1 mg/mL).

This study explores the use of natural plant extracts as a sustainable method to enhance the quality and safety of long-life sausages by incorporating them into natural edible casings. Ethanol (E) and aqueous (A) extracts of blackthorn (BT) and red cherry (RC), as well as their ethanol and water-based solutions, were prepared and analysed for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The analyses included the quantification of total phenols, non-flavonoids, flavonoids, flavonols, and anthocyanins, along with antioxidant activity assessments using FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays. Antimicrobial efficacy was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica) and mold Penicillium expansum via agar dilution methods to determine MIC and MBC/MFC.

Results showed that ethanol extracts had higher antioxidant activity than aqueous ones (p<0.05), with the ethanol extract of blackthorn (EBT) containing the highest levels of phenolics (54.11 mg GAE/g d.e.) and exhibiting the strongest antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities. Casings treated with EBTE (ethanol BT extract dissolved in ethanol) demonstrated significant antibacterial properties, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria. This study confirms that plant-extract-enriched natural casings can protect against oxidation and microbial spoilage, thereby enhancing the overall quality and safety of dry-cured sausages. 

The aim of this research is to examine the impact of consumers economic and educational status on the frequency of organic food purchases through all available distribution channels, with focus on online channels. The research was conducted via online questionnaire and based on sample of 358 respondents from the territory of Republic of Srpska. The results showed that 86% of respondents buy or occasionally buy organic food, while 14% respond they never purchase organic food. Using Kruskal-Wallis test, a positive and statistically significant relation was identified between the level of education and the frequency of organic food purchases, regardless of the distribution channel, while household income did not show a significant relation. When online organic food purchases were analyzed specifically, neither the level of education or household income had a statistically significant impact, although a slight trend was observed for education level, which may be relevant for future research.

U ovom radu se metodima pravne dogmatike i korišćenjem teorijskih saznanja procesnog i antidiskriminacionog prava objašnjava postupak i ocjenjuje argumentacija Evropskog suda za ljudska prava (ESLJP) u predmetu broj 43651/22, Slaven Kovačević (aplikant) protiv Bosne i Hercegovine (BiH). U ovom predmetu, aplikant je prvo ostvario još jednu ekspresnu pobjedu u isticanju povrede opšte zabrane diskriminacije iz člana 1. Protokola 12 (P12) uz Evropsku konvenciju o ljudskim pravima i osnovnim slobodama (EK) u uživanju prava da glasa na izborima za kandidate po svom političkom uvjerenju na osnovu člana 3. P1. Međutim, poslije osporavanja ove pobjede doživio je neočekivan procesni poraz u postupku pred Velikim vijećem ESLJP, u kome je ocijenjeno da aplikant nije žrtva diskriminacije i da je čak zloupotrijebio pravo na aplikaciju. U radu se takođe ukazuje na eventualne implikacije konkretne presude na dalji razvoj P12 i antidiskriminacionog prava. Detaljan uvid u radnje i rezonovanje svih procesnih subjekata otkriva indicije o nesavjesnom korišćenju procesnih ovlašćenja strana u postupku i pristrasnosti procesnih subjekata, te o neuređenosti i nepoštovanju pravnog okvira zastupanja BiH pred ESLJP. Procesni poraz aplikanta pred Velikim vijećem ukazuje na odustajanje ESLJP od dosadašnjeg proaktivnog pristupa u primjeni P 12 i na suzdržanost od daljeg miješanja u probleme konsocijativnog uređenja BiH. Međutim, taj novi pristup ne priliči instituciji Savjeta Evrope, čija je misija, između ostalog, suzbijanje diskriminacije, a nedosljedna argumentacija izvjesno ne doprinosi konceptualnom razvoju antidiskriminacionog prava i obeshrabruje države da ratifikuju inače nedovoljno prihvaćeni  P 12.   

This paper aims to explore the structure and objectives of the Western Balkans Growth Plan as an incentive for the integration of the Western Balkans region into the EU single market. In november 2023, the European Commission prepared the Western Balkans Growth Plan, which should accelerate the implementation of reforms in the countries of the region and their integration into the European Union single market. The Growth Plan represents an effort by the European Union to influence the region towards deepening economic integration with the Union and accelerating economic growth, which are necessary prerequisites for the desired transformation of the countries of the region. The Western Balkans Growth Plan aims to: integrate partners from the Western Balkans into the EU single market, improve regional economic cooperation, deepen EU-related reforms, and increase pre-accession financing to accelerate the socio-economic convergence of the Western Balkans towards the EU. The research results of this paper have shown that the European Union in the Western Balkans region, from the first regional approach in 1997 to the proposed growth plan in 2023, has contributed to the development of the regional cooperation process and the economic development of the region itself.

             It is not just about increasing the wealth of the countries of the region and their citizens, but the point and ultimate goal is that these countries and these citizens should live together, create, cooperate and spend together in conditions of international competition.

The expected economic effects of the Western Balkans Growth Plan will also ensure a positive perception of the European Union and the benefits of membership in this regional organization among the citizens of the region.

Uvođenje generativnih jezičnih modela poput ChatGPT-a u obrazovni sistem donosi brojne benefite, ali i značajne izazove koji mogu negativno uticati na kvalitet obrazovanja. Analiza relevantne naučne literature na primjeru korištenja vještačke inteligencije u obrazovanju pokazuje da prekomjerna upotreba može dovesti do pasivnog pristupa učenju, smanjenja motivacije za samostalno razmišljanje i razvoja kognitivnih sposobnosti, te povećanja rizika od akademskog nepoštenja. Poseban izazov predstavlja i uticaj na kompetencije pa se kod studenata bilježi površno razumijevanje programiranja i algoritamskog razmišljanja usled oslanjanja na gotova rješenja. Rad ističe potrebu za razvijanjem jasnih pedagoških i etičkih okvira koji bi usmjeravali odgovornu i kritičku upotrebu alata vještačke inteligencije u obrazovanju. U tom smislu, preporučuje se integracija AI pismenosti u kurikulume, redizajn evaluacija na višim nivoima Blumove taksonomije, te osnaživanje nastavnika za vođenje učenika kroz aktivne misaone procese. Balansiran i promišljen pristup može omogućiti optimalno korištenje prednosti ChatGPT-a, uz očuvanje kvaliteta i integriteta obrazovnog procesa, posebno u oblasti informacionih tehnologija.