The article examines the role of small, medium and large enterprises in the economy of Republic of Srpska for the period from 2014 to 2022 year. The authors analyzed the economic indicators, according to company size (profitability rate, labor costs per employee,  added value per employed person – productivity, employees – annual average and average wages paid per employed person), and also annual business indicators by company size (number of entrepreneurs, number of employees, number of companies and turnover). The aim of the paper is to analyze the operations of SMEs in order to give recommendations for future business improvement and to indicate the main obstacles and weaknesses as well as recommendations. The method of description and classification of data and the method of analysis and synthesis were used in order to achieve the objectives of the research.

Bearing in mind that some palladium complexes showed good antitumor potential while exhibiting less kidney toxicity comparing to cisplatin, to discover a new agents for chemotherapy with improved properties two novel palladium(II) complexes [Pd (L)₂] (3A and 3B) with acyl pyruvates (O,O bidentate ligands) were synthesized and characterized by spectral (UV-Vis, IR, NMR, ESI-MS) and elemental analysis. The novel palladium(II) complexes were analyzed for their cytotoxic potential on human cancer cell lines (HeLa and MDA-MB 231) and normal fibroblasts (MRC-5). Results showed that complex 3A displayed very good cytotoxic activity, while complex 3B had moderate activity on the tested tumor cell lines. After 48h incubation with complex 3A, his IC₅₀ values were similar to the IC₅₀ values of cisPt. Notably, all IC₅₀ of complex 3A on human fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) were higher than 100 μM, indicating good selectivity. In addition, complex 3A induced apoptotic type of cell death, cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase in both HeLa and MDA-MB 231 cell lines. In addition, we revealed that 3A can be useful as adjuvants in cancer therapy by reducing the dose of cisplatin and in this manner its’ side effects. For the investigations of interactions between novel palladium(II) complex 3A and CT-DNA or bovine serum albumin (BSA) fluorometric titrations method was used. The obtained results implied that 3A has great affinity to displace ethidium bromide (EB) from the EB-DNA complex through intercalation, suggesting strong competition with EB. Results in fluorescence titration of BSA with complex 3A showed that the fluorescence quenching of BSA happens because of the formation of the 3A-BSA complex. Obtained K_a value is in the optimal range signifying that appropriate amount of 3A can be transported and distributed through the cells. In order to better understand the binding of newly synthesized complex 3A to BSA or DNA, molecular docking study was further performed.

The study paper’s focus is on establishing the connection between marketing initiatives and the strategy used by numerous volunteers to plan sporting events. The manager of the volunteer sector is responsible for assembling a project team and overseeing the recruiting, selection, training, deployment, supervision, and coordination of volunteers while they work as volunteers at major sporting events. The greatest candidates for this position are coordinators for the volunteer sector who have experience as volunteers, as they can inspire others to perform selfless volunteer work. Research has shown that in order to effectively oversee 800 unpaid employees, someone must first build a direct relationship with them—something that can only be done in the event that there are a significant number of trained coordinators. Additionally, it is essential to heavily publicize the volunteer contest and emphasize the advantages that volunteers obtain by taking part in order to attract a big number of participants. In addition to the aforementioned, well-planned, organized, intricate, and gradual preparation that begins several months prior to the competition is required to prepare a big number of volunteers for high-quality and committed involvement at a sporting event. After receiving top-notch training, volunteers can serve in any area of the competition. Additionally, volunteers who have previously taken part in a well-run sporting event typically return to sports volunteering multiple times. Ultimately, the paper’s set hypothesis—which related to the contention that there is a positive connection between marketing initiatives, sports event organization, and the approach of volunteers.

The beginnings of artificial intelligence are linked to 1956 and the Dartmouth conference organized by Stanford University. From those beginnings until the end of the 20th century, its development was relatively slow due to hardware and software limitations. However, the 21st century brings a turning point in every sense. ln the 21st century, there was also a division into specialized artificial intelligence, which was primarily developed in the 20th century, and general artificial intelligence, on which the focus of development has been placed in recent decades. The positive economic effects of the adoption of artificial intelligence, according to the conducted research, are unequivocal. The effects on individuals and humanity are significantly more open to discussion. Almost half of the respondents in the conducted research are not in favor of accepting artificial intelligence for private purposes, and the other half is almost equally divided between those who do not have an opinion on this issue and those who are not against its acceptance. About 70% of respondents believe that artificial intelligence can become a threat to humanity and the mental health of individuals. At the same time, the majority of respondents do not see challenges in their employment. As a solution, the respondents see a clear and strict regulation of the development and possibilities of artificial intelligence itself. Institutions of the society we live in and companies that develop artificial intelligence are seen as responsible for this regulation. A real step in this direction was taken by the European Union with the adoption of the Act on Artificial Intelligence in March 2024. What is expected is that this example of the EU will be followed by other countries, which would ensure the correct development and use of artificial intelligence for the general benefit of humanity, which it should serve. 

The adsorption process by metal oxide nanoparticles has been investigated an effective agent for removing organic and inorganic contaminants from water and wastewater. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of moringa oliefera pods as adsorbent for lead, copper and cadmium ions adsorption. Moringa oliefera pods biochar with Fe3O4 particles precipitated on the surface of biochar was synthetized by co-precipitation method. Batch adsorption method was used, and heavy metal ions percentage recovery was measured using ICP-OES. Effect of various parameters such as contact time, pH, metal concentration and adsorbent dosage was determined on the removal efficiency. The maximum adsorption capacities of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ by MMC were 31.46 mg·g−1, 29.05 mg·g−1 and 27.66 mg·g−1, respectively. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations were used to analyze the equilibrium isotherm data. The adsorption process fit the second-order kinetics well in all cases, and the Langmuir isotherm equation fit the experimental data well.

The ACE-R is a widely accepted instrument in clinical practice, the revisions of which have been overcome certain weaknesses. The aim of this paper was to present the results of the ACE-R test research, and to analyze and compare the results obtained in the work with a healthy subject and a clinical subject diagnosis. The respondents are of similar age and similar characteristics. Selected from the clinical population is a respondent with a diagnosis of depression after a stroke, which is the most common a complication of the same. The results obtained in this paper partially confirmed the results of the previous ones research. The application of the mentioned test showed that the two respondents differed in their views measured abilities: the subject with a diagnosis of depression produces difficulties in recognizing tasks material, and verbal fluency and visuospatial abilities are reduced compared to healthy the respondent.

The study investigated, amongst other variables, the relationship between renewable energy, its role in expanding access to electricity, and economic growth in Nigeria over the period 1960–2023. The ordinary least squares (OLS) and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models were used to estimate the short- and long run dynamics of the relationship. The study shows that the overall model is statistically significant, meaning that the independent variables, taken together, significantly predict the dependent variable (GDP growth rates). The findings underline the intricate dynamics between renewable energy, electricity access, and economic growth in Nigeria. While the positive coefficient for renewable energy suggests that increasing renewable electricity generation could theoretically enhance GDP growth, the lack of statistical significance implies that this impact is not immediate. Finally, based on these findings, the study recommends that policymakers should continue to prioritize investments in renewable energy infrastructure. Efforts should be made to enhance the reliability and quality of the electricity supply. A more robust and cohesive policy framework is needed to support renewable energy and electricity development and integration.

In today's world, alongside increased market globalization and economic regionalization, business success relies on the utilization of modern information technology. The emergence and development of the Internet and the networking of businesses and public administrations, driven by digital marketing strategies, have led to significant changes in how business systems operate and their efficiency. It has facilitated easy and fast communication, almost instant transmission of large amounts of data over long distances, simple publishing and updating of multimedia documents and their continuous global availability, digital delivery of goods and services, direct online payments, creation of virtual organizations, etc. All of these represent elements of a new form of business. Electronic commerce is a broad concept encompassing all business transactions or information exchanges conducted using information and communication technology between: businesses, businesses and their customers, or businesses and public administrations.

Back in 2018, the European Union adopted the Strategy of enlargement to the countries of the Western Balkans, which provided a potential time and reform framework for accession negotiations on the accession of these countries to the European Union. Strengthening the rule of law, the fight against corruption and organized crime are the cornerstones of accession negotiations and European integration processes for the countries of the Western Balkans. This paper provides an overview of the EU Strategy - Western Balkans from 2018, where the focus is on the initiative to strengthen the rule of law and the analysis of the situation in these countries from the point of view of the rule of law.

Mobbing is a behaviour whose aim is to underestimate and degrade other human beings by means of malevolent language and obscure cruel acts, which gradually undermine one’s proper functioning and affect both one’s mental and physical health (Kostelić-Martić, 2005). Well-being at work refers to all aspects of employees’ workplace life, from how they feel, what their working environment is like, safety at work including physical and psychological safety, job satisfaction, involvement in work and the position they have in the organization. The research problem refers to the examination of the connection between the perception of mobbing and the well-being at work of employees. Individuals who perceive mobbing as present in the organization and who are exposed to this type of stress, have impaired well-being. According to earlier findings, mobbing significantly affects the well-being of individuals at work in a way that impairs it, whereby they experience various psychological disturbances and are thrown out of work activities, because they stop adequately performing work tasks. Also, people who experience mobbing have a decline on motivation, work efficiency, a drop in the feeling of fulfillment, loss of trust, they complain of fatigue and feelings of anger and frustration. Two measurement instruments were used in the research: the mobbing perception scale and the Work Well-being Scale – WBWS, which have satisfactory measurement characteristics. The survey was conducted via an anonymous internet questionnaire, and a representative sample of employees in Bosnia and Herzegovina was used (n=273). The data thus obtained indicates that, statistically, the perception of mobbing is significantly negatively related to well-being (rho=-.382, p<.01), and its two aspects: positive affects (rho=-.531, p<.01), a feeling of fulfillment (rho=-.337, p<.01), and positively related to the negative effects aspect (rho=.592, p<.01), which confirms both the starting hypothesis and its sub-hypotheses. The perception of mobbing in the workplace negatively affects the well-being at work, i.e. higher levels of subjective perception of mobbing go hand in hand with lower levels of well-being at work. Furthermore, higher levels of the perception of mobbing are accompanied with lower levels of positive affects and feeling of fulfillment, and higher levels of negative affects.

Although the consequences of mobbing are felt, to the greatest extent, on an individual level, there are inevitable negative consequences on the organizational level as well. As mobbing has a negative effect on the well-being at work of an individual, it also adversely affects the work and results of the entire organization.