The paper examines the current state and the possibilities of using contemporary approaches and tools in HelpDesk systems development with the aim to examine its disadvantages. Disadvantages are accurately analyzed and the paper gives clear guidance how to eliminate them. It has been noticed that current design and development approaches have their own advantages and disadvantages. The application of the unified approach that combines the best individual characteristics of the existing approaches enables development of an automated HelpDesk system that is capable of expanding its own expertise. By combining unified aspect approach with the zero tolerance model driven approach, a new innovative approach to the development of a wide range of expert systems is obtained. This innovative approach is characterized by the highest possible degree of modularity. The application of the aforementioned approaches has also enabled expansion and improvement of the existing expert systems used for servicing numerous companies operating in various fields of business.

It is beyond any doubt that victims of human rights violations are rarely in position to initiate court proceedings fighting systematic discrimination themselves, which makes the role of human rights institutions indispensable. This specific mandate gives rise to numerous questions, such as: to what extent state institution takes the role of the legal representative, what capacities should it possess, on what basis it selects the cases meriting court intervention, is court intervention equally suitable in all areas of human rights protection and which analyzed model from Europe or wider has proved to be the most effective? Article offers analysis of court interventions in federal states with complex government structure and multiple institutions mandated with human rights protection, be it Ombudsmen Institution or Equality Body, court interventions in states with single human rights institution, comparative practice present in various European states, as well as interventions of human rights bodies before European tribunals. Author outlines the legal framework, human resources, and administrative structure that need to be provided, so that court interventions would have the desired effect and generate positive changes. In this process, it is of paramount importance to respect existing legal traditions and intrinsic practices, which proved their practical applicability over time, while any attempt to use legal transplants, with a goal of hastily unification of national legal orders and imposing transnational jurisdiction, can only produce confusion and countereffects.

Upravljanje bankarskim resursima je složeno i zavisi od više faktora. Stoga pojedinačni faktor, bez obzira koliko bio značajan, nije dovoljan da se racionalno upravlja ovim resursima. S obzirom da su resursi banke različiti i da ih sve nije moguće, niti potrebno držati pod kontrolom, banka se obično koncentriše na njihove najznačajnije kategorije. S tim u vezi banka mora prvo da definiše poslovnu politiku kao sredstvo za ostvarivanje postavljenih ciljeva, budući da njih nije moguće ostvariti ako se racionalno ne upravlja bankarskim resursima. Osim internih faktora, bankamora da respektira makroekonomske okolnosti i institucionalni okvir monetarne politike i faktore koji djeluju na fokusiranom tržišnom segmentu. Poslovna politika banke mora biti prilagodljiva i efikasna, ali i da odražava stabilnost, što podrazumijeva da se poštuju faze u njenom donošenju i da se pravilno kvantificiraju unutrašnji faktori, a vanjski anticipiraju. S obzirom da su veličina banke i geografski obuhvat primarnih plasmana, organizacija, planiranje i drugi elementi poslovanja u ingerenciji nosilaca upravljanja bankarskim resursima, oni su sa internog aspekta posmatrano ključni elementi za definiranje poslovne politike banke.

Razvojem informatičkih tehnologija, potreba za prenosom podataka zahtijevala je konstantno širenje kanala za prenos podataka i komunikaciju. Širenje interneta dovelo je do integracije različitih komunikacijskih servisa kao što su npr. video komunikacija, radio, TV. Samim time se generisala i velika količina podataka. U početku su prenosni mediji bili bakreni kablovi koji su podržavali prenos relativno malog prometa, dok u današnjici sve veću ulogu preuzimaju optički kablovi. Namjena optičkih komunikacijskih sistema jeste prenos signala velikim brzinama na velike udaljenosti, putemoptičkih veza. Za razliku od aktivnih komponenti koji se nalaze na strani operatera, korisnik kako bi uspostavio optičku mrežu, zahtijeva samo pasivne elemente. Razvoj optike doveo je do podjele udaljenosti postavljanja optičke topologije, tako se je pojavio FTTx.