The environmental hazards of antibiotics have captivated increasing research focus, but their environmental behaviours remain unclear in water sources. Thus, this study focused on exploring the interaction mechanisms between Moringa Oleifera pod-modified feldspar clay (MFC) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) during sorption process. The efficiency of these adsorbents in aqueous solution adsorption of CIP were investigated as a function of pH, time and sorbate concentration. The impact of pH solution and CIP evolution showed that CIP sorption on MFC is strongly reliant on pH solution. Kinetic studies authenticated that the CIP sorption mechanism was a physisorption involving ion exchange and surface complexation mechanisms. The mechanism of CIP sorption on MFC was successfully studied using characterization techniques. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations were used to analyze the equilibrium isotherm data. The adsorption process fitted well with the second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm equation fitted well with the experimental data. The Langmuir isotherm showed that maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 57.61 mg. g-1. Thermodynamic factors: ΔG° values of -29 kJ.mol-1, ΔH° = 17 kJ.mol-1, and ΔS° = 163 J.mol-1 k of CIP adsorbed onto MFC indicate that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

The adsorption process by metal oxide nanoparticles has been investigated an effective agent for removing organic and inorganic contaminants from water and wastewater. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of moringa oliefera pods as adsorbent for lead, copper and cadmium ions adsorption. Moringa oliefera pods biochar with Fe3O4 particles precipitated on the surface of biochar was synthetized by co-precipitation method. Batch adsorption method was used, and heavy metal ions percentage recovery was measured using ICP-OES. Effect of various parameters such as contact time, pH, metal concentration and adsorbent dosage was determined on the removal efficiency. The maximum adsorption capacities of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ by MMC were 31.46 mg·g−1, 29.05 mg·g−1 and 27.66 mg·g−1, respectively. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations were used to analyze the equilibrium isotherm data. The adsorption process fit the second-order kinetics well in all cases, and the Langmuir isotherm equation fit the experimental data well.