Contemporary digital environments have significantly transformed the developmental context of adolescence, influencing the processes of socialization, identity formation, emotional regulation, and interpersonal relationships among young people. The subject of this paper concerns the analysis of the impact of social media and the modern digital environment on the psychological health of adolescents, with particular emphasis on anxiety, depression, the phenomenon of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), and cyberbullying as dominant psychosocial risks of the digital age. Furthermore, the study analyzes the role of the school system in the prevention of cyberbullying. The aim of this paper is to examine, through a review of relevant contemporary literature, the ways in which the digital environment affects the fulfillment of basic psychological needs and the resulting psychological outcomes. Methodologically, the paper is based on a review analysis of scientific sources from the fields of psychology and digital studies. The findings indicate that the use of social media is potentially associated with reduced psychological well-being, thereby confirming the importance of internal motivational mechanisms in understanding adolescents’ digital behavior.